These namazu-e woodblock-prints encompass a large variety of scenes, typically depicting the god subduing the earthquake-causing catfish under a sword or the kanameishi stone. Namazu-e ( 鯰絵, "catfish prints") were a known item in the 19th century, and these broadsides were printed in great quantity following the 1855 earthquake near Edo (modern day Tokyo), one of the Ansei great earthquakes. In the 1930s, Japanese seismologists Shinkishi Hatai and Noboru Abe demonstrated that catfish in aquaria showed increased agitation several hours before earthquakes occurred, and were able to predict quakes with 80% accuracy. The anecdote, recorded in an 1856 chronicle of journalistic reporting on the earthquake, is the earliest known claim that catfish can naturally predict earthquakes. Prior to the 1855 Edo earthquake, an eel fisherman reportedly spotted unusually active catfish in a river, which he took as a predictor of an earthquake. Widespread connections between catfish and earthquakes in Japan were not present until the late 17th century, and only rose to popularity as symbolically causing or predicting earthquakes during the 19th century. When the Kashima-god lets his guard fall, Namazu thrashes about, causing violent earthquakes. According to myth, the god Takemikazuchi enshrined at Kashima restrains the catfish underneath a stone ( 要石, kaname-ishi, perhaps "foundation stone" but maybe more aptly "cap stone"). This earthquake-causing creature became associated with the deity and "foundation stone" in Kashima, Ibaraki. The namazu had been depicted in the Ōtsu-e ("pictures from the city of Otsu") which were manufactured in that area. The association of the namazu with earthquake seems to have first occurred in the area around Lake Biwa, around the 16th century. The legend or myth in Japan is that a gigantic namazu (catfish) lives inside or beneath the earth (or in the mud ) which causes earthquakes. The creature lives under the islands of Japan and is guarded by the god Takemikazuchi enshrined at Kashima, who restrains the catfish with a stone. In Japanese mythology, the Namazu ( 鯰) or Ōnamazu ( 大 鯰) is a giant underground catfish who causes earthquakes. Wikimedia movement affiliates support work focused on a specific theme, topic, or subject within or across countries and regions."Namazu-e" redirects here. Glendale, California Wikimedia movement affiliates Please send all other legal questions or requests to: Glendale, California Other legal questions or requests Please read our Requests for User Information Procedures and Guidelines and then send your request to: Requests to disclose user information (including emergency requests) If you would like to send us a Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”) takedown notice or counter-notice regarding a potential copyright violation, you can find more information, and where to send your request, on our DMCA takedowns page. Please note: donations by check are processed directly at our centralized lockbox location, which is in Washington, DC. Before contacting us, please review Answers on Meta-Wiki to best direct your inquiry. If you leave a voicemail, please include an email address for faster response. Please note: we receive a large number of calls, so email or fax is always a better first option. Please understand that the Wikimedia Foundation cannot guarantee confidential treatment of any sensitive information you include in your message. Please see our Answers portal on Meta-Wiki.ĭisclaimer: Emails to are reviewed and responded to by volunteers from our user community. Other questions for and about the Wikimedia Foundation: Users from the following countries should consult Section 13 of Zendesk’s privacy policy for more information about Zendesk’s country-specific practices: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, and Singapore. By emailing you understand that your information will be processed by the Zendesk Group in accordance with Zendesk’s terms. Questions related to Wikipedia or other wikis (Wikimedia related to Due to the volume of inquiries we receive, we use Zendesk as a donor response platform. If you are interested in general discussion about Wikimedia and its projects with the community, please join one of our public mailing lists or IRC channels. This page contains contact information for specific individuals and functions related to the Wikimedia movement.
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